Emeritus Professor, University of Waikato and Auckland University of Technology
The theme of this year’s Pacific Labour Mobility Annual Meeting (PLMAM), “Sustainable Reintegration Begins with Fair and Effective Recruitment”, raises an important question: what does reintegration really mean in the context of Pacific labour mobility?
For seasonal workers in New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme, time away is usually six months, after which they must return home for at least five months before being eligible to recruit for the RSE again. Unlike the nine-month PALM visas in Australia, there is no pathway to a longer-term stay from the RSE visa. On the face of it, reintegration after six months is not likely to be a major issue for recruits who work for one or two seasons. Only 40 percent of the 56,500 recruits for the RSE since 2007 have returned for three or more seasons.
The picture changes when absences accumulate year after year. For workers who leave, say, Samoa for six months annually, repeating this cycle for four or more years, the rhythm of absence and return inevitably creates family and community challenges. Adjusting to life at home after repeated long absences is not always seamless. Social stresses, family expectations, and even rumours about workers’ behaviour abroad can complicate the return. This is why the theme of this year’s meeting is so timely. Reintegration is not just about coming home once — it’s about managing the long-term impacts of seasonal as well as long-term cyclical migration.
Fair and effective recruitment lies at the heart of sustainable reintegration, writes the author.
Shifts in Labour Mobility
The broader labour mobility landscape in the Pacific has been transformed dramatically over the past decade, particularly in Australia. Until the introduction of the Seasonal Worker Programme, the forerunner to today’s Pacific Australia Labour Mobility (PALM) scheme, Pacific people had no dedicated migration channel into Australia’s workforce.
The PALM scheme, particularly its long-term stream, marks a significant policy shift. For the first time in over a century, Australia opened long-term, low-skilled and semi-skilled labour pathways for Pacific people. This is a profound change, one that mirrors New Zealand’s longer history of engagement. Australia has invested heavily in staffing, administration, and support to make the scheme work both onshore and in labour sending countries.
Meanwhile, New Zealand’s RSE scheme continues to provide opportunities, though demand there has plateaued. In recent years, the cap on RSE numbers has not been reached. Rising costs for employers, from compliance and accommodation to pastoral care, have curbed demand. In Samoa, for example, New Zealand approved employers now pay a fee per Samoan worker, and Samoan workers themselves also face new costs. These financial pressures, on both sides, are shaping the trajectory of recruitment.
Recruitment, Fairness, and Reintegration
Fair and effective recruitment lies at the heart of sustainable reintegration. Labour sending countries often want to distribute opportunities equitably, ensuring that benefits are shared across communities. Yet recruitment often happens through established relationships between employers and experienced workers, who are then asked to recommend new candidates. While this system provides continuity, it risks limiting access for those outside the existing networks.
Governments in countries such as Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu have sought to centralise recruitment through Labour Sending Units (LSUs). But balancing fairness with employers’ preferences remains a challenge. The critical question is how to ensure that workers participate with a clear plan for their earnings — whether that is education costs, housing, or small business ventures — rather than treating seasonal work as a lifestyle of permanent dependency on cash incomes earned through temporary labour migration overseas.
In New Zealand, where workers must always return home, reintegration planning is essential to ensure maximum benefit from short-term circular migration. In Australia, where transitions from short-term to long-term PALM visas are possible, the pressures on families can be even greater, with absences stretching to years. The challenges of reintegration are different in this context. For some families, temporary work overseas has become a primary livelihood strategy, even passed down across generations. While remittances are vital, this kind of dependency risks undermining local livelihoods in the long term.
Reintegration is not just about coming home once, writes the author. It's about managing the long-term impacts of seasonal as well as long-term cyclical migration.
The Changing Labour Market
Looking ahead, sustainability will depend on recognising shifts in global and regional labour markets. Technological change, particularly automation, is already reshaping demand. In New Zealand, for instance, pack houses that once employed large numbers of women are becoming increasingly automated, reducing the need for seasonal labour. Technology will continue to disrupt traditional roles.
Consumer expectations are also evolving. Major international buyers of agricultural products are scrutinising labour conditions more closely. Questions around ethical recruitment, modern slavery, and cost-sharing practices are now influencing whether large companies choose to buy Australian and New Zealand produce. For example, comparisons are being made between the costs borne by temporary migrant workers in New Zealand versus those recruited in the United States, where employers are often required to cover transport fully. These perceptions matter and will affect the long-term viability of Pacific labour mobility schemes.
Priorities for Sustainability
To keep Pacific labour mobility successful and sustainable, several priorities stand out. First, costs must remain manageable for both approved employers and workers. If participation becomes too expensive, demand will decline, and workers will struggle to send meaningful remittances home.
Second, labour sending countries must play a proactive role in promoting fair recruitment and supporting reintegration. This means ensuring access is broad-based and encouraging workers to have long-term financial plans for their earnings. It also means discouraging the pattern where families become wholly reliant on seasonal migration, which may not be viable in the long run.
Finally, stakeholders must keep pace with global shifts, from technology to consumer standards. Ethical recruitment, decent working conditions, and transparency will increasingly be non-negotiable in global supply chains. If PALM and RSE schemes can stay ahead of these expectations, they will remain attractive to both approved employers and consumers.
Returning Home Stronger
Labour mobility has delivered significant benefits for Pacific workers and their families. But reintegration is not automatic. It requires planning, fairness, and an eye to the future.
As I reflect on the theme of this year’s PLMAM, I am struck by the importance of beginnings. Fair and effective recruitment is not just about getting workers into jobs. It sets the tone for how they will return home, reintegrate, and contribute to their families and communities. Sustainable reintegration begins long before a worker boards a plane for Australia or New Zealand. It begins at recruitment, with fairness, clarity, and purpose.
-ENDS-
